INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


FAM, 

pHim 


WORLD  SURVEY 
CONFERENCE 


I 


ATLANTIC  CITY 
JANUARY  7  to  10,  1920 


PRELIMINARY 

i 

Statement  and  Budget  for 


China 

! 

»  *  •* 

i 


V 

PREPARED  BY 

SURVEY  DEPARTMENT- FOREIGN  DIVISION 


THIS  Survey  statement 
should  be  read  in  the  light 
of  the  fact  that  it  is  preliminary 
only,  and  will  be  revised  and 
enlarged  as  a  result  of  the  dis¬ 
cussions  and  recommendations 
of  the  World  Survey  Conference. 

The  entire  Survey  as  revised 
will  early  be  brought  together  in 
two  volumes,  American  and 
Foreign,  to  form  the  basis  of  the 
financial  campaign  to  follow. 

The  “Statistical  Mirror”  will 
make  a  third  volume  dealing  with 
general  church,  missionary  and 
stewardship  data. 


INTERCHURCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


WORLD  SURVEY 
CONFERENCE 

ATLANTIC  CITY 
JANUARY  7  to  10,  1920 

PRELIMINARY 

Statement  and  Budget  for 

China 


PREPARED  BY 

SURVEY  DEPARTMENT- FOREIGN  DIVISION 


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CHINA 


THE  Chinese  people  possess  first-class  intellectual  power  and  capacity.  This 
does  not  mean  that  they  can  lay  claim  to  a  first-class  fund  of  knowledge. 
Judged  by  any  western  standards  the  mass  of  the  people  is  extremely  ignorant. 
In  the  past  they  possessed  great  creative  powers. 

They  were  the  discoverers  of  the  mariner's  compass,  the  arts  of  porcelain  manufac¬ 
ture,  of  sericulture,  of  printing  from  movable  type.  They  produced  a  literature 
which  has  for  ages  been  classic  for  more  peoples  than  those  who  received  their 
culture  from  Greece  and  Rome. 


China  has  an  area  of  4,278,352  square  miles — the  largest  of  any  country  in 
the  world  with  the  sole  exception  of  Russia. 

China  has  a  population  of  over  400,000,000 — the  largest  of  any  single  country 
in  the  world — fully  one-quarter  of  that  of  the  whole  globe. 

China  lies  almost  entirely  within  the  temperate  zone — the  region  most  favor¬ 
able  to  the  development  of  modern  civilization. 

China  can  grow  everything  producible  in  the  United  States  and  many  other 
things  besides. 

China  can  feed  and  clothe  herself  if  given  modern  methods  and  machinery. 

China  has  mineral  resources  that  rival  those  of  the  United  States;  her  coal 
seams  are  inexhaustible;  her  iron-ore  deposits  amount  to  over  750  million  tons; 
she  has  a  monopoly  of  antimony,  and  great  quantities  of  salt  and  natural  gas. 

BUT 

China  has  not  developed  any  leaders.  Illiteracy,  superstition  and  tradition 
hold  her  fast  in  bondage  to  the  past. 

AND 

By  the  end  of  the  twentieth  century — now  one-fifth  gone — the  Chinese  will 
probably  number  one  billion. 

There  are  only  5,000  effective  missionaries  at  work  in  China — about  one  to 
every  66,000  souls. 

Can  Christianity  win  in  China  under  these  almost  impossible  handicaps? 


They  were  great  engineers.  The  Grand  Canal,  the  wonderful  irrigation  system  of 
the  Chengtu  Plain,  the  dykes  and  sea  walls,  the  cantilever  and  suspension  bridges 
built  hundreds  of  years  ago — all  bear  witness  to  the  greatness  of  their  past. 


4  The  Eastern  Giant :  CHINA 

The  Chinese  were  the  creators  of  their  own  civilization.  There  was  none  from  whom 
they  could  borrow;  none  to  criticize  their  achievements.  Had  the  race  disappeared 
from  the  earth  it  would  be  regarded  today  as  having  been  one  of  the  greatest  the 
world  had  ever  known. 

Looking  upon  the  Chinese  as  a  living,  present-day  people,  some  such  appraisement 
(if  made  with  certain  qualifications)  is  justifiable.  There  are  no  signs  of  racial  decay 
among  them.  Physically  and  mentally  they  are  vigorous.  They  are  keen  business 
men,  the  keenest  in  all  Asia.  They  are  excellent  laborers — patient,  industrious, 
sober,  enduring;  .they  can  stand  any  climate  and  any  kind  of  work;  they  have 
individual  initiative  probably  to  a  larger  extent  than  any  other  people  in  Asia.  With¬ 
out  any  assistance  from  the  government  they  are  emigrating  by  tens  of  thousands 
each  year  to  Mongolia  and  Manchuria  and  to  many  parts  of  Malaysia.  And  in 
whatever  part  of  Asia  they  settle  they  become  an  important  economic  and  social 
factor. 

Set  over  against  these  splendid  racial  qualities  appear  two  serious  defects:  In  recent 
generations  the  Chinese  have  failed  to  produce  any  adequate  leadership  and  there 
is  no  sign  of  immediate  improvement  in  this  respect.  In  the  second  place,  there  is 
an  almost  entire  absence  of  public  spirit  and  public  morality. 

The  necessity  for  producing  men  of  character  devoted  to  the  highest  interests  of 
the  state  is  a  matter  of  vital  importance,  while  the  need  of  such  leadership  and  public 
spirit  is  emphasized  by  the  nature  and  magnitude  of  the  country  and  its  varied  and 
tremendous  problems. 


AREA -SQUARE  MILES 


CHINA 


4.278.532 


UNITED  STATES  E 


:  'I7.7.890 


TOTAL  POPULATION  AND 

PROTESTANT  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP 


CHINA 


400.000.0  00 


312.970 


I 


105.253.000 

UNITED  STATES  ^5oo 


CHINA 


POPULATION  PER  PROTESTANT  MINISTERfOR  ORDAINED  MISSIONARY) 

321.287  x  ' 


042 


UNITED  STATES 


Infer  church  World  Movement  or  North  America 


GO  24 


CHINA:  The  Sleeping  Giant 


5 


THE  PROBLEMS  OF  CHINA 

HINA  has  problems  without  end.  She  has 
confronting  her  all  those  that  inherently 
belong  to  her  old  civilization  side  by  side  with 
those  that  are  products  of  modern  times.  The 
first  are  not  decreasing;  the  second  are  multi¬ 
plying  rapidly. 

Many  of  China’s  old  problems  are  rooted  in 
ignorance  and  the  persistence  of  this  ignorance 
is  in  large  part  due  to  illiteracy.  There  are  no 
statistics  on  the  subject,  but  it  can  be  safely 
asserted  that  95  per  cent,  of  the  population  is 
unable  to  read  and  write.  This  lamentable 
state  of  affairs  is  more  difficult  to  overcome 
because  of  the  extreme  complexity  of  the 
written  language.  For  an  ordinary  adult  to 
learn  to  read  and  write  with  ease  is  at  best  a 
matter  of  years  of  toilsome  study  and  in  the 
majority  of  cases,  practically  impossible. 

Illiteracy  is  a  most  serious  drawback  under  any 
form  of  government  and  in  any  state  of  society. 
But  for  a  people  endeavoring  to  erect  and 
operate  a  republican  form  of  government  in  an 
Asiatic  setting,  and  striving  to  modify  a  civiliza¬ 
tion  thousands  of  years  old  by  the  introduction 
of  new  ideas  and  methods,  such  a  high  degree  of 
illiteracy  is  wellnigh  a  fatal  handicap. 

CUSTOM  AND  TRADITION 

HINA’S  bondage  to  tradition  and  custom 
is  an  even  greater  difficulty.  For  ages  she 
has  been  governed  by  the  past.  Her  back¬ 
wardness  today  is  not  due  so  much  to  the  fact 
that  she  did  not  progress  as  that  she  did  not 
want  to  progress.  This  fundamental  attitude 
has  in  itself  constituted  an  almost  insuperable 
obstacle  to  the  spread  of  Christianity. 

Custom  and  tradition  set  narrow  limits  to  the 
life  of  women  in  China  for  centuries.  They 
denied  to  her  almost  all  right  to  education. 
Replies  to  survey  questionnaires  bring  out  the 
fact  that  in  many  parts  of  China  not  more  than 
one-tenth  of  one  per  cent,  of  its  women  can 
read  and  write.  The  power  of  a  husband  over 
his  wife  used  to  be  almost  without  limit.  It 
created  a  situation  which  brought  the  bride 
into  the  home  of  her  husband  as  a  slave  to  the 
mother-in-law  and  permitted  extreme  cruelty 
to  be  practised  upon  the  helpless  girl-wife. 


Custom  imposed  upon  Chinese  women  the  ter¬ 
rible  suffering  of  foot-binding.  It  made  mar¬ 
riage  wholly  a  matter  of  arrangement  between 
parents,  with  no  regard  to  the  rights  of  the 
young  men  and  women  concerned. 

In  the  Western  world  the  largest  single  factor 
in  the  production  of  character,  aside  from  divine 
influence,  has  been  the  influence  of  women. 
Tradition  and  custom  have  in  large  measure 
denied  to  Chinese  women  the  opportunity  to 
exert  such  influence. 

A  human  mass  numbering  hundreds  of  millions 
cannot  be  moved  quickly  from  old  habits;  and 
great  areas  of  China  have  never  been  brought 
in  touch  with  the  Western  influence  of  any 
kind. 

SUPERSTITION 

THE  hold  superstition  has  upon  the  Chinese 
is  almost  incredible.  No  realm  of  activity 
and  no  class  of  people  have  been  free  from  this 
bondage.  It  has  controlled  the  practise  of 
medicine  and  led  to  the  perpetuation  of  ex¬ 
quisite  tortures;  it  has  prevented  the  growth 
and  spread  of  knowledge  and  given  the  most 
terrifying  explanations  of  simple  phenomena; 
it  has  dominated  social  and  family  life  and  made 
a  naturally  kindly  people  deliberately  commit 
acts  of  unbelievable  cruelty;  it  has  influenced 
business  and  kept  one  of  the  most  practical 
peoples  in  the  world  from  any  large  utilization 
of  their  great  mineral  resources.  Finally  it  has 
poisoned  the  inner  life  of  the  nation  and  out  of 
the  ethical  agnosticism  of  Confucius,  the 
mysticism  of  Lao  Tzu  and  the  pessimism  of 
Gautama  it  has  created  a  religion  dominated 
by  constant  and  overwhelming  fear. 

EFFECT  OF  WESTERN 
CIVILIZATION 

HILE  the  old  problems  still  remain 
unsolved,  China  faces  the  difficult  and 
complicated  problems  which  seem  inherent  in 
modern  civilization. 

Her  cities  have  always  been  crowded.  In 
places  such  as  Shanghai  which  in  sixty  years 
has  grown  from  a  sleepy  county-seat  into  one 
of  the  greatest  ports  in  the  world,  there  are 
probably  the  most  congested  housing  conditions 


6 


The  Eastern  Giant :  CHINA 


This  map  is  one  of  a  series  all  drawn  to  the  same  scale  for  purposes  of  comparison  as  to  area  and 
population.  The  map  of  Pennsylvania  serves  as  a  unit  of  comparison  and  appears  same  size  on  each 
of  the  series. 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


7 


in  the  world — unless  primacy  in  this  respect 
belongs  to  similar  new  industrial  centers  in 
Japan. 

Chinese  life  has  suffered  deeply  from  immoral¬ 
ity,  and  in  great  cities  like  Shanghai,  where  the 
restraining  influences  of  the  old  life  have  been 
thrown  off,  vice  has  flourished  with  an  openness 
and  abandon  impossible  in  old  China. 

The  needs  of  the  world  and  the  potential  riches 
of  China  will  in  the  near  future  combine  to 
force  her  industrial  development.  The  world 
needs  raw  materials  and  new  and  enlarged 
markets.  China’s  development  will  meet  both 
needs.  One  does  not  have  to  look  very  far 
ahead  in  order  to  realize  something  of  the  sig¬ 
nificance  that  this  development  holds  both  for 
China  and  for  the  western  world. 

THE  DEMOCRATIC 

MOVEMENT 

HIS  was  China’s  only  hope  when  the 
Manchu  domination  was  destroyed.  But 
it  has  not  materialized.  China’s  instinct  for 
democracy  is  sure  and  true  but  it  has  been 
largely  thwarted.  The  name  and  to  some  ex¬ 
tent  the  forms  of  a  republic  exist  but  there  is 
no  reality  back  of  either.  At  Peking  a  group  of 
military  leaders  divided  into  several  factions 
rules  in  true  military  fashion.  It  is  supported 
by  its  control  of  the  armies  which  in  turn 
depend  upon  funds  secured  in  large  part  by 
mortgaging  undeveloped  resources  to  foreigners. 
In  the  south  another  group  of  leaders,  not  un¬ 
like  in  character,  rules  with  an  iron  hand. 

In  the  conflict  of  rival  factions  the  real  and 
vital  interests  of  the  country  are  ignored.  There 
is  an  enormous  expenditure  for  military  pur¬ 
poses,  yet  China  is  helpless  in  the  face  of  any 
foreign  aggression.  Famine  and  plague  sweep 
over  the  land  with  little  or  no  effort  made  at 
cure  or  even  control.  In  some  districts  rival 
armies  plunder  the  helpless  people;  in  others, 
bandits  control  trade  routes  and  levy  tribute 
on  all  travelers.  China’s  debt  grows  steadily, 
while  all  programs  for  education  and  social 
reform  are  held  in  abeyance.  A  growing 
social  and  political  unrest  is  everywhere  in 
evidence. 


THE  SHANTUNG  QUESTION 

HE  action  of  the  Peace  Conference  on  the 
Shantung  question  aroused  the  strongest 
indignation  in  China.  The  peoples  of  the  west 
have  little  realization  of  the  depth  and  intensity 
of  this  feeling.  If  the  terms  of  the  treaty  are 
allowed  to  stand,  the  faith  of  the  Chinese  in  the 
moral  integrity  of  the  nations  party  to  it  will 
be  rudely  shaken  if  not  destroyed. 

The  attitude  of  China  toward  Christianity  in 
the  future  may  be  largely  determined  by  the 
action  taken  by  western  nations  on  the  Shan¬ 
tung  question.  The  Chinese  may  test  the  value 
of  our  religion  by  the  morality  of  our  political 
action.  They  may  note  and  remember  the 
silence  of  official  leaders  of  the  church  in  the 
West  in  the  face  of  an  acknowledged  wrong  and 
conclude  that  Christianity  fails  to  produce  men 
able  to  stand  difficult  tests  of  character,  even 
as  they  know  Confucianism  has  failed  in  similar 
emergencies. 

Yet  out  of  this  spirit  of  indignation  has  grown 
what  may  be  the  beginning  of  a  real  patriotism 
among  the  coming  generation  in  China.  The 
student  protest  which  culminated  in  the  boy¬ 
cott  compelling  the  resignation  of  two  members 
of  the  cabinet  was  a  revelation  even  to  the  best 
informed  in  China.  It  may  well  become  a  land¬ 
mark  in  China’s  modern  history. 

CHINA’S  MILLIONS 

LTIMATELY  the  Chinese  will  unques¬ 
tionably  be  the  largest  homogeneous 
human  mass  in  the  world.  An  accompanying 
chart  indicates  that,  assuming  an  increase  of 
only  25  per  cent.,  the  population  of  China 
during  the  next  thirty  years  will  attain  an  in¬ 
crease  almost  equal  to  the  total  population  of 
the  United  States  in  1910. 

While  increasing  at  this  rate  at  home  the 
Chinese  are  pouring  down  through  Malaysia 
and  the  East  Indian  Islands  at  the  rate  of 
250,000  a  year  and  give  every  evidence  of  be¬ 
coming  the  dominant  race  in  these  lands.  It 
is  therefore  no  exaggeration  to  picture  at  the 
end  of  the  present  century  a  human  mass 
numbering  between  eight  and  nine  hundred 
millions  spread  over  all  the  habitable  regions 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


9 


from  Siberia  to  the  tropics,  predominantly 
Chinese  in  blood,  culture,  racial  outlook  and 
feeling. 

A  SOLUTION  IMPERATIVE 

THE  general  problem  which  China  presents 
to  the  world  must  be  solved.  Of  this  there 
cannot  be  the  shadow  of  a  doubt.  To  solve  it 
will  require  the  cooperation  of  all  the  forces 
which  the  West  can  supply. 

There  must  be  financial  aid  on  a  large  scale 
tendered  not  in  a  competitive  but  in  a  coopera¬ 
tive  way  by  the  western  powers  and  accom¬ 
panied  by  real  supervision  to  insure  its  being 
properly  applied. 

In  all  probability  some  help  along  the  lines  of 
political  reconstruction  will  be  necessary.  A 
group  of  competent  advisers,  with  recognized 
standing  in  the  government,  and  actuated  by  a 
genuine  desire  to  help  China  find  her  way  out 
of  the  present  muddle  would  be  of  inestimable 
value.  But  it  would  be  absolutely  necessary 
that  such  advisers  should  act  entirely  for  the 
interests  of  China  and  not  as  representatives 
of  conflicting  western  interests,  each  desirous 
of  exploiting  China  for  its  own  profit. 

The  expansion  of  Western  trade  relations  with 
China  is  of  vital  importance  to  the  solution  of 
the  problem.  It  must  be  without  special  favor 
to  any  one  country,  both  for  China’s  interest 
and  that  of  the  world  as  a  whole.  There  must 
be  a  real  open  door  not  a  mere  political  dictum- 
carrying  that  name. 

But  helpful  as  such  agencies  may  be  they  offer 
no  decisive  solution  of  China’s  problems.  The 
real  solution  must  come  from  the  Chinese  them¬ 
selves.  Yet  they  possess  in  very  small  measure 
the  great  forces  upon  which  a  people  must 
depend  in  such  crises.  Much  that  was  con¬ 
structive  or  preservative  under  the  old  social 
regime  is  either  helpless  in  the  face  of  modern 
problems  or  has  itself  commenced  to  disappear. 
Very  little  more  can  be  said  with  reference  to 
her  religions.  Each  of  them — Confucianism, 
Taoism,  Buddhism — contains  elements  of  spirit¬ 
ual  value  and  admirable  ethical  teachings  which 
have  doubtless  contributed  to  China’s  strength 
in  the  past.  But  despite  their  elements  of 


worth  they  have  admittedly  proved  unequal  to 
the  task  of  producing  the  highest  type  of  in¬ 
dividual  character  or  of  initiating  forces  and 
movements  capable  of  regenerating  society. 
And  this  is  China’s  all-inclusive,  vital  need, 
for  she  is  drifting  in  a  way  that  makes 
her  a  peril  to  herself  and  a  menace  to  the 
world. 

CHRISTIANITY  THE 

SOLUTION? 

EPORTS  indicate  that  missionaries  are 
facing  this  difficult  situation,  conscious 
that  it  will  test  Christianity  to  the  utmost.  All 
competent  observers  are  agreed  that  China’s 
fundamental  problem  is  a  spiritual  one  and  that 
Christianity  presents  itself  as  the  embodiment 
of  all  the  moral  and  spiritual  forces  known  to 
the  Western  world.  It  lays  claim  to  power  such 
as  China  imperatively  needs.  It  must  justify 
that  claim  or  bow  to  an  adverse  judgment.  If 
it  fails  there  will  be  no  valid  excuse. 

This  brief  review  of  the  problems  awaiting 
solution  in  China  shows  how  large  and  difficult 
is  the  task.  Only  as  divine  power  working 
through  human  agencies  can  do  humanly  im¬ 
possible  things,  can  Christianity  prove  effectual. 
Men  and  money  alone  cannot  supply  the 
spiritual  forces  required. 

Yet  men  and  money  are  both  needed. 

The  World  War  has  given  to  the  Chinese  and 
other  Asiatic  peoples  a  standard  by  which  to 
weigh  the  genuineness  of  national  conviction 
and  sacrifice.  They  have  seen  what  America 
can  do  in  support  of  her  faith  in  democracy  and 
as  a  measure  of  her  love  of  liberty. 

If  a  Christian  appeal  cannot  be  met  in  like 
manner  the  Chinese  may  naturally  and  very 
reasonably  conclude  that  it  is  because  faith  in 
the  truth  of  Christianity  and  devotion  to  its 
founder  do  not  exist  in  any  large  measure 
among  western  nations. 

Such  a  conclusion  would  erect  a  barrier  greater 
than  all  that  have  yet  existed.  It  is  such  facts 
as  these  which  justify  and  lie  behind  the  plans 
of  missionary  expansion  laid  before  the  Ameri¬ 
can  Protestant  churches  by  the  Interchurch 
World  Movement. 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


11 


The  Christian  Equipment  of  China 

A  LTHOUGH  there  are  6,561  missionaries  reported  as  assigned  to  China, 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  full-time  working  force  available  is  not  more 
/  m.  than  5 ,000,  equally  divided  as  to  men  and  women.  The  number  of  actual 
effectives  is  still  further  reduced  by  the  fact  that  in  1918  (the  period  of  the  latest 
figures)  1,297  men  and  women  were  absent  form  the  field  on  furlough.  It  must 
also  be  remembered  that  missionaries  in  China  furnished  war  service  in  an  unusually 
large  degree  while  continuing  to  carry  their  own  heavy  load. 

One  hundred  and  thirty-nine  missionaries  were  absent  from  the  field  on  war  service. 
Considering  the  total  force,  the  fact  that  many  of  them  were  of  such  age  as  to  make 
no  form  of  war  service  possible,  and  that  the  demands  of  the  field  were  more  than 
usually  heavy  during  the  war,  furnished  a  striking  illustration  of  the  patriotism  and 
devotion  of  the  missionaries. 

The  total  inadequacy  of  this  staff  may  be  tested  by  some  comparisons.  If  the  entire 
number  were  distributed  in  direct  relation  to  population  it  would  mean  one  mission¬ 
ary  (man,  woman,  educator,  doctor,  evangelistic  worker,  business  agent  or  adminis¬ 
trator)  for  each  60,000  people. 

If  an  estimated  total  of  5,000  effectives  be  used,  the  field  of  work  would  rise  from 
60,000  to  80,000. 

If  the  further  very  practical  consideration  of  furloughs  is  admitted  to  the  calculation 
it  means  that  only  4,300  effectives  can  be  counted  on  at  any  given  time. 

In  other  words  there  is  at  present  available  an  actual  working  force  (inclusive  of 
all  types)  of  one  missionary  for  every  90,000  to  100,000  people. 

There  are  six  hundred  cities  and  towns  in  China  in  which  missionaries  are  resident. 
The  staff  in  these  centers  varies  greatly.  In  the  great  cities  there  are  naturally  a 
number  of  societies  at  work  with  a  necessary  concentration  of  administrative  and 
business  agencies.  In  certain  centers  the  educational  work  is  also  concentrated. 

China  presents  practically  all  types  of  missionary  work.  A  mere  catalog  of  the 
various  forms  of  activity  already  in  existence  shows  that  the  conception  and  presenta¬ 
tion  of  Christianity  have  been  broad  and  inclusive.  The  gospel  message  has  been 
stressed  from  the  beginning,  and  provision  for  social  uplift  and  the  improvement  of 
temporal  conditions  has  never  been  neglected. 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


13 


MISSION  CENTERS 

THE  distribution  in  mission  stations  in  each 
province  may  be  summarized  for  China  as 
a  whole  as  follows:  401  stations  have  1  to  5 
missionaries;  147  stations  have  6  to  15  mission¬ 
aries;  25  stations  have  16  to  25  missionaries; 
18  stations  have  50  or  more  missionaries. 
Nearly  two-thirds  of  the  total  centers  occupied 
in  China  have  less  than  5  missionaries  while 
only  61  stations  or  about  10  per  cent,  of  the 
total  have  15  or  more. 

The  6  coast  provinces — Chili,  Shantung,  Kiang- 
su,  Chehkiang,  Fukien  and  Kwangtung — have 
40  per  cent,  of  the  mission  stations  and  about 
50  per  cent,  of  the  total  missionary  force  but 
only  about  34  per  cent,  of  the  population. 

There  are  6,121  out-stations  in  China.  This 
means  that  on  an  average  there  is  one  little 
chapel  or  school  for  nearly  70,000  people. 
Reckoned  on  the  same  basis,  Oregon  would  have 


CHINA’S 

GROWING  POPULATION 


400,000,000 


UNITED  STATES  CHINA 


Interchurch  World  Movement  of  North  America 


6.D7I 


9  chapels;  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  com¬ 
bined  would  have  18. 

UNOCCUPIED  AREAS 

A  REAS  in  China  proper  now  unclaimed  by 
x"V  any  missionary  agency  presents  in  itself 
a  large  problem.  In  addition  the  great  areas  of 
Tibet,  Mongolia,  Sinkiang  (Chinese  Turkestan) 
and  the  northwest  parts  of  Manchuria  belong 
almost  entirely  in  the  unoccupied  list.  They 
present  a  problem  radically  different  from  that 
of  the  greater  portion  of  China.  The  territory 
is  enormous,  totaling  over  3,000,000  square 
miles,  but  the  population  is  very  sparse.  The 
number  of  people  for  which  a  single  center  can 
suffice  is  extremely  small  in  comparison  with 
the  more  densely  populated  parts  of  China 
proper.  The  difficulties  confronting  the  work 
here  are  great  and  the  isolation  awaiting  those 
who  may  undertake  it  will  equal  that  of  the 
most  neglected  parts  of  Africa. 

THE  RELIEF  OF  PHYSICAL 
SUFFERING 

THAT  medical  work  is  an  opening  wedge  for 
Christian  missions  is  perhaps  truer  in 
China  than  in  most  mission  fields.  An  unusu¬ 
ally  strong  opposition  had  to  be  overcome  be¬ 
fore  any  real  hearing  could  be  secured  for  the 
gospel  message.  The  work  of  the  medical  mis¬ 
sionary  is  Christianity  speaking  a  message  uni¬ 
versally  intelligible.  The  general  accessibility 
of  all  classes  of  people  to  Christian  influences 
which  characterizes  those  sections  where  the 
work  has  been  long  established  is  in  large  meas¬ 
ure  due  to  the  work  of  the  doctor  and  the  nurse. 

If  medical  work  were  only  a  means  to  an  end 
and  designed  only  to  open  the  door  for  the  other 
Christian  influences  there  would  be  little  need 
for  the  extension  of  hospital  or  medical  service 
in  the  older  fields.  But  medical  missions  are  a 
necessary  and  indispensable  part  of  the  message 
that  Christianity  has  for  the  whole  of  China. 

MEDICAL  NEED  AND  SUPPLY 

IN  NO  part  of  China  is  there  a  medical  force 
at  all  adequate  to  the  needs  of  the  situation. 
In  one  province  there  is  but  one  doctor  to  five 
millions  of  people,  and  missionaries  living  in 
lonely  stations  must  travel  many  days  to  pro¬ 
cure  medical  help  in  case  of  need. 


CHINA 

AREAS  HI  UNCLAIMED  BY 
PROTESTANT  MISSIONS 

Population  Approximately  35,000.000, 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


15 


Including  all  Chinese  who  have  a  modern  train¬ 
ing  there  are  something  like  one  thousand 
doctors  in  China,  about  half  of  whom  are  con¬ 
nected  with  missionary  work.  This  gives  an 
average  of  one  doctor  to  400,000  people.  The 
average  in  America  is  one  to  every  712. 

If  the  number  of  medical  men  in  China  were 
multiplied  by  three  there  would  then  be  but 
one  per  cent,  of  the  number  required  to  equal 
the  percentage  of  doctors  to  the  population  in 
the  United  States. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  99  per  cent,  of  all  the 
people  who  become  ill  in  China  are  entirely 
without  competent  medical  attention.  China 
probably  affords  an  exhibition  of  the  greatest 
physical  need  the  world  has  ever  known. 

THE  PERMANENT  SOLUTION 

HIS  of  course  is  to  be  found  in  the  building 
up  of  a  well-trained  medical  profession 
among  the  Chinese  themselves.  Medical  mis¬ 
sionaries  foresaw  this  long  ago  and  in  all  their 
hospitals  gave  to  little  groups  of  native  students 
the  best  training  possible  under  the  circum¬ 
stances.  While  this  training  was  of  necessity 
weak  along  many  lines  it  was  unusually  strong 
on  the  practical  side. 

When  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  indicated 
through  the  China  Medical  Board  its  willing¬ 
ness  to  enter  the  field,  missionary  plans  were 
readjusted  so  as  to  leave  the  way  clear  in  Peking 
and  Shanghai,  the  two  great  centers  in  which 
this  medical  board  planned  to  work.  But  in 
spite  of  all  the  splendid  efforts  of  the  Medical 
Board  and  other  medical  schools  a  long  period 
must  elapse  in  which  a  continued  cry  for  help 
will  be  made  by  suffering  Ch'nese.  It  can  only 
be  answered  by  many  more  missionary  hos¬ 
pitals. 

The  program  of  the  Interchurch  World  Move¬ 
ment,  based  on  a  careful  survey,  will  include 
the  strengthening  of  present  institutions  and 
the  opening  of  a  large  number  of  hospitals  in 
new  areas  where  they  are  most  needed. 

EDUCATIONAL  WORK 

A  MERICAN  faith  in  education  is  respon- 
sible  for  the  fact  that  by  far  the  larger 
portion  of  the  schools  above  the  elementary 


grade  is  carried  on  by  American  societies.  This 
is  especially  marked  in  the  field  of  higher  educa¬ 
tion. 

There  are  eighteen  colleges  and  universities 
connected  with  the  several  missions  in  China. 
Fifty  per  cent,  of  them  is  entirely  dependent 
upon  American  societies  for  staff,  equipment 
and  finance. 

Another  22  per  cent,  is  in  a  similar  way  re¬ 
lated  wholly  to  British  societies. 

Of  the  remaining  28  per  cent,  nearly  all  are 
union  institutions  in  which  British  and  Amer¬ 
ican  societies  unite;  but  70  per  cent,  of  the 
support  comes  from  American  societies.  This 
means  that  about  70  per  cent,  of  all  the 
higher  educational  work  in  China  depends 
upon  American  societies  for  its  staffing  and 
support.  In  higher  education  for  women  the 
American  responsibility  is  even  greater,  since 
the  two  women’s  colleges  depend  almost  en¬ 
tirely  upon  America. 

CHRISTIAN  EDUCATION 

HERE  are  at  least  60,000,000  young  people 
of  school  age  in  China  for  whom  there  are 
at  present  no  educational  facilities  at  all. 

China’s  illiteracy  is  a  matter  of  large  moment 
to  the  world  at  large  as  well  as  to  herself.  Even 
if  there  were  an  efficient,  well-organized  govern¬ 
ment  both  able  and  willing  to  spend  a  large 
proportion  of  its  funds  on  education  the  prob¬ 
lem  would  not  be  easily  solved.  All  the  help 
which  the  missionary  movement  can  give  to  the 
development  of  Christian  education  in  China 
will  be  required  for  a  long  time. 

In  many  ways  the  crux  of  the  educational  prob¬ 
lem  is  in  the  institutions  of  college  and  uni¬ 
versity  grade.  If  the  work  of  this  type  is  to 
be  carried  on  it  must  be  of  such  a  grade  that 
government  institutions  even  when  efficiently 
organized  cannot  surpass  them.  Educational 
institutions  must  be  planned  on  a  scale  which 
will  allow  of  large  expansion. 

Such  institutions  must  be  the  chief  source  of 
supply  for  the  highest  Christian  leadership  in 
the  ministry,  in  Christian  schools  and  to  an 
equal  degree  in  business,  professional  and 


16 


The  Eastern  Giant :  CHINA 


political  life.  They  must  be  within  the  reach  of 
young  men  and  women  of  moderate  means,  for 
the  larger  part  of  the  Christian  constituency 
for  many  years  to  come  will  be  drawn  from  these 
classes. 

To  meet  requirements  such  as  these  necessitates 
large  staffs,  complete  equipment  and  financial 
support  on  a  very  large  scale.  It  is  extremely 
difficult  for  any  one  missionary  agency  to  meet 
such  requirements  except  by  confining  itself 
to  a  very  limited  area  and  to  a  small  number 
of  institutions.  For  the  societies  which  have 
accepted  a  considerable  responsibility  this 
educational  problem  has  by  definite  and  logical 
steps  led  to  what  is  the  outstanding  feature  of 
the  educational  situation. 

THE  UNION  EDUCATIONAL 
MOVEMENT 

THE  movement  for  cooperative  effort  in 
educational  work  is  not  of  recent  origin. 
More  than  a  decade  ago  missionary  leaders  in 
various  parts  of  the  country  reached  the  con¬ 
clusion  that  for  each  denomination  to  attempt 
higher  education  independently  would  ulti¬ 
mately  be  disastrous  to  the  Christian  move¬ 
ment,  since  it  would  divide  forces  and  result  in 
a  large  number  of  weak  and  inadequately 
equipped  colleges  and  universities.  The  ques¬ 
tion  of  union  in  education  thus  became  the  fore¬ 
most  problem  in  missionary  policy.  The  dis¬ 
cussion  of  this  question  has  borne  fruit  in  a 
splendid  program  which,  as  a  whole,  justifies 
the  statement  that  nowhere  in  the  world  are 
the  evangelical  missionary  forces,  in  so  large  and 
well-organized  a  manner,  putting  into  practical 
effect  the  principles  of  union  and  cooperation. 

Included  in  the  program  are  five  universities, 
each  involving  the  cooperation  of  from  four  to 
six  denominations.  Four  of  the  five  are  not 
only  interdenominational  but  international  in 
their  cooperation,  since  British  and  American 
societies  are  represented.  They  are  located  in 
cities  of  great  strategic  importance;  at  Chengtu, 
the  heart  of  China’s  great  inland  empire, 
Szechwan;  at  Peking,  a  center  still  imperial  in 
its  setting  and  influence;  at  Tsinanfu,  capital 
of  Shantung,  the  sacred  land  of  China;  at 
Nanking,  the  old  southern  capital  of  the  em¬ 


pire  and  the  cultural  center  of  the  Yangtse 
Valley;  at  Foochow,  a  great  commercial  port 
and  the  center  of  one  of  the  largest  and  best 
organized  Christian  constituencies  of  the  entire 
land. 

In  addition  to  these  universities,  which  are 
directly  and  organically  connected  with  the 
denominations,  are  others,  such  as  Yale  in 
China  and  the  Canton  Christian  College,  which 
have  no  denominational  relationship  but  never¬ 
theless  serve  large  Christian  constituencies. 

In  such  important  cities  as  Hangchow  and 
Shanghai,  there  are  well  organized  institutions 
of  college  grade,  each  with  a  large  area  and  con¬ 
stituency  tributary  to  itself. 

This  union  movement  has  spread  into  all  lines 
of  educational  effort.  In  no  realm  perhaps  does 
it  have  a  larger  significance  than  in  that  of 
theological  education.  It  has  been  demon¬ 
strated  beyond  all  question  that,  on  mission 
fields,  the  training  of  ministers  whose  life  work 
will  lie  within  the  activities  of  the  several 
denominations  can  be  carried  on  in  union 
theological  schools.  At  Peking  and  Nanking 
the  program  projected  calls  for  the  enlargement 
and  improvement  of  existing  schools  of  theology 
to  a  point  where  they  will  take  rank  as  graduate 
schools  with  similar  graduate  schools  of  other 
learned  professions. 

In  the  education  of  women  the  foundation  of 
the  higher  institutions  is  fundamentally  inter¬ 
denominational.  Each  of  the  women’s  colleges 
at  Peking  and  Nanking  is  the  result  of  the 
union  of  a  number  of  denominational  agencies, 
and  the  same  is  true  of  the  women’s  medical 
colleges  at  Peking  and  Canton,  as  well  as  the 
school  proposed  but  not  yet  established  at 
Shanghai. 

The  movement  for  union  has  now  extended  to 
nearly  all  types  of  special  training,  such  as 
schools  for  lay  evangelists  and  Bible  women; 
nurses’  training  schools;  normal  schools  for 
men  and  women.  Recently  a  cooperative  effort 
has  been  made  in  the  middle  schools  for  boys 
and  girls  of  the  Yangtse  Valley  and,  if  experi¬ 
ments  now  being  made  prove  successful,  the 
movement  will  doubtless  be  taken  up  in  other 
sections  of  the  country. 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


17 


With  reference  to  elementary  schools,  the  situa¬ 
tion  necessarily  compels  denominational  sys¬ 
tems,  but  the  acceptance  of  the  underlying 
principles  of  united  and  cooperative  effort  ap¬ 
pears  in  the  joint  programs  for  teachers’  train¬ 
ing,  for  teachers’  educational  associations,  and 
for  cooperative  supervision.  By  reason  of  this 
united  movement  in  education  an  opportunity 
exists  which,  if  met  adequately  in  men  and 
money,  will  permit  the  Christian  enterprise  in 
China  to  exert  an  almost  incalculable  influence 
upon  the  whole  educational  development  of  the 
land.  Remembering  the  inevitable  significance 
and  influence  of  the  Chinese  race  in  the  world’s 
future,  we  can  realize  the  importance  of  this 
opportunity  thus  presented. 

The  problems  of  China  can  be  solved  only  from 
within.  Without  the  influence  which  will  flow 
from  Christian  schools  and  colleges  the  leader¬ 
ship  and  the  trained  character  upon  which  this 
internal  regeneration  depends  cannot  be  pro¬ 
duced. 

LITERATURE 

HRISTIAN  literature  was  one  of  the  earli¬ 
est  agencies  used  by  the  Christian  Move¬ 
ment  in  China.  Morrison  and  others  of  the 
pioneer  missionaries  gave  a  large  part  of  their 
time  to  the  translation  of  the  Bible  and  the 
preparation  of  Christian  tracts. 

Printing  establishments  were  set  up  in  many 
centers,  and  some,  notably  the  Presbyterian 
and  Methodist  in  Shanghai  and  the  Baptist  in 
Canton,  have  become  great  publishing  houses, 
serving  all  denominations.  Various  tract  socie¬ 
ties  were  organized  by  groups  of  missionaries, 
and  a  Christian  Literature  Society  was  formed. 
The  combined  output  has  been  very  large,  both 
in  number  of  titles  and  in  page  production. 
Mr.  G.  A.  Clayton,  the  foremost  authority, 
gives  the  following  figures  in  a  recent  catalogue 
of  Christian  literature: 


Books .  1,188 

Booklets .  1,152 

Tracts .  1,066 

Charts  and  maps .  45 


3,451 


These  societies  have  always  been  approved  and 
commended  by  the  denominational  agencies 


but  there  has  been  no  organic  relation.  As  a 
result  the  production  of  literature  as  a  form  of 
missionary  work  has  suffered  greatly.  It  has 
never  had  its  due  proportion  of  workers,  equip¬ 
ment  or  funds.  Today  it  is  the  form  of  work 
which  more  than  any  other  needs  to  be  strength¬ 
ened. 

BIBLE  PRODUCTION  AND 
DISTRIBUTION 

THIS  has  been  carried  on  by  the  British  and 
Foreign  Bible  Society,  the  American  Bible 
Society  and  the  Bible  Society  of  Scotland.  It 
has  been  done  in  a  large  way  and  the  circulation 
is  probably  greater  than  in  any  other  mission 
land.  A  continual  process  of  revision  has 
brought  steady  improvement  in  the  translations. 
Editions  have  been  issued  in  Wenli,  the  literary 
language  style;  Mandarin,  which  is  the  language 
of  the  great  mass  of  Chinese,  and  in  many  dia¬ 
lects,  as  well  as  in  various  systems  of  Romaniza- 
tion.  Recently  portions  of  the  New  Testament 
have  been  printed  in  the  new  phonetic  script. 

EVANGELISM 

A  LL  types  of  missionary  work  are  essential 
JiX.  in  China  but  evangelism  touches  every 
aspect  of  the  missionary  task  in  a  special  and 
direct  way. 

The  China  Mission  Year  Book  for  1918  (the 
latest  published)  supplies  a  record  of  what  has 
already  been  accomplished  along  these  lines. 
The  full  church  membership  is  312,970;  the 
Christian  constituency  654,658.  These  figures 
compared  with  those  of  1916  show  a  net  gain 
in  church  membership  of  about  17  per  cent.; 
and  in  the  Christian  constituency  a  net  gain 
of  approximately  25  per  cent.  There  is  a  staff 
of  846  ordained  ministers;  other  evangelistic 
workers  number  10,799;  total,  11,645.  A 
church  which  in  the  face  of  such  difficulties  as 
are  encountered  in  China  can  show  such  gains 
is  not  lacking  in  vitality. 

A  NATIVE  CHURCH  NECESSARY 

FOR  many  years  it  has  been  recognized  in  a 
theoretical  way  that  the  chief  agents  in  the 
building  up  of  an  indigenous  church  in  China 
and  the  carrying  of  the  Christian  message  and 
service  to  the  people  must  be  Chinese  Chris- 


18 


The  Eastern  Giant :  CHINA 


tians;  and  that  the  weakness  of  native  church 
leadership  both  in  numbers  and  in  the  quality 
of  its  training  for  leadership  must  be  remedied 
if  the  task  lying  before  the  church  is  to  be 
accomplished. 

There  are  many  instances  of  inadequate  salaries 
paid  to  native  workers.  They  fail  to  meet 
personal  expenses;  allow  no  margin  for  the 
workers  to  meet  their  people  in  a  social  way;  to 
purchase  the  books  and  periodicals  necessary 
to  the  maintenance  of  intellectual  life;  or  to 
attend  necessary  conferences  and  meetings. 

Information  from  the  field  lays  emphasis  on  the 
need  existing  for  men  of  the  highest  training. 
These  however  cannot  be  furnished  unless  the 
colleges  and  universities  are  much  expanded 
and  a  large  increase  in  the  present  staff  of 
theological  schools  is  effected.  Without  an 
enormous  increase  in  current  funds,  buildings 
and  equipment  for  evangelistic  work  these 
trained  men  cannot  be  effectively  used  even 
when  available. 

INADEQUATE  PLANTS  AND 

EQUIPMENT 

HE  inadequacy  of  the  present  plant  and 
equipment  in  evangelistic  work  is  every¬ 
where  in  evidence.  The  number  of  churches  in 
the  great  cities  which  have  a  staff,  equipment 
or  finances  adequate  to  the  presentation  of 
Christianity  in  a  complete  way  is  almost 
negligible.  This  in  itself  constitutes  a  tremend¬ 
ous  problem. 

Chinese  cities  are  large.  Canton,  Peking, 
Shanghai  and  the  Wu-Han  center  have  popula¬ 
tions  in  excess  of  a  million  each.  When  China 
gets  fairly  launched  on  a  career  of  modern 
industrialism  and  urban  centralization  she  will 
contain  cities  of  unbelievable  magnitude.  For 
such  a  day  the  missionary  movement  must 
immediately  prepare.  It  is  badly  behind  al¬ 
ready  and  only  by  the  expenditure  of  funds  on 
a  large  scale  can  it  recover  lost  opportunities. 

RURAL  EVANGELISTIC  WORK 

HINA  is  preeminently  a  land  of  villages 
and  small  towns.  There  are  no  govern¬ 
ment  figures  available  but  a  conservative  esti¬ 
mate  indicates  that  only  in  6,500  of  them  (or 


one  in  1,100)  are  there  Christian  chapels  or 
schools  where  work  is  regularly  carried  on.  The 
inadequacy  of  such  equipment  is  most  apparent 
even  where  the  chapel  is  located  in  a  market 
town  or  county-seat  of  a  population  of  10,000 
to  20,000. 

In  China  many  of  the  influential  people  live  in 
or  near  large  country  towns.  In  order  to  meet 
their  evangelistic  needs  provision  must  be  made 
for  securing  a  hearing  of  the  gospel  message  by 
these  people  who  to  a  large  extent  form  public 
opinion. 

CHRISTIAN  SOCIAL  SERVICE 

THE  invention  of  a  phonetic  system  of 
thirty-nine  simple  symbols  now  enables  all 
characters  in  the  language  to  be  represented. 
This  system  presents  a  great  opportunity  to 
the  Christian  church  to  overcome  the  handicap 
which  widespread  illiteracy  offers  to  her  work. 
Chinese  of  ordinary  capacity  can  be  taught  to 
read  in  a  few  weeks  by  this  system.  Hundreds 
of  chapels  with  local  evangelists  standing  in 
close  touch  with  the  people  offer  opportunities 
for  the  establishment  of  schools. 

The  solution  of  the  problem  of  illiteracy  in¬ 
volves  the  rousing  of  the  native  mind  to  a  sense 
of  the  value  of  knowledge  and  education;  the 
organization  of  a  wide-spread  teaching  system; 
the  preparation  of  literature  in  this  phonetic 
script  and  the  establishment  of  at  least  one 
vernacular  periodical. 

By  the  judicious  use  of  funds  and  workers  in 
this  line  of  activity  the  percentage  of  literates 
in  China  can  be  increased  in  a  wonderful  way  in 
the  course  of  the  next  five  years. 

This  is  but  one  of  many  forms  of  service  which 
the  church  can  render  China  and  enable  her  to 
realize  the  genuineness  of  Christian  brotherly 
love.  It  does  not  entail  any  lessening  of  the 
definite  proclamation  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ;  on  the  contrary  it  demands  that  a 
greater  emphasis  than  ever  be  laid  upon  the 
message  of  salvation  to  all  who  sit  in  darkness 
and  the  shadow  of  death. 

A  movement  of  expansion  and  extension  such 
as  is  outlined  in  this  survey  should  at  once  be 
undertaken  by  all  missionary  agencies  in  China. 


CHINA:  The  Eastern  Giant 


19 


If  it  is  given  adequate  support  by  the  people  of 
the  west  it  will  go  a  long  way  towards  the 
realization  of  a  great  ideal — a  church  so  strong 
in  numbers,  so  capable  in  leadership,  so  genuine 
in  spiritual  life  that  to  it  can  be  safely  com¬ 
mitted  the  whole  task  of  spreading  the  kingdom 
of  God  in  China. 

THE  PROGRAM  FOR  CHINA 

HE  program  for  China  involves,  first  of  all, 
the  strengthening  of  the  existing  work  of 
the  several  denominations.  If  carried  out,  it 
will  enable  all  this  work  to  be  done  with  a  high 
degree  of  effectiveness.  Except  perhaps  in  the 
majority  of  the  older  fields  and  in  the  case  of 
large  educational  institutions  in  the  great  cities, 
it  provides  for  a  foreign  force  which  will  not 
need  to  be  enlarged.  The  equipment  and 
operating  funds  included  will  enable  the  whole 
task  to  be  undertaken  in  an  adequate  way  in 
nearly  all  of  the  older  areas;  and  in  all  proba¬ 
bility  no  such  large  property  investment  will 
again  be  called  for  in  connection  with  the  regu¬ 
lar  work. 

That  part  of  the  program  called  “  Special 
Types  of  Work — Unallotted”  is  the  outgrowth 
of  missionary  development  in  China.  Certain 
types  of  work  are  now  problems  for  the  whole 
church  and  for  all  missionary  forces  in  China. 
They  can  only  be  treated  on  a  nation-wide  scale 


and  by  the  fullest  cooperative  activity  of  all 
missionary  agencies. 

Literature  is  the  most  important  of  these  special 
types  and  the  program  provides  for  a  broad  and 
comprehensive  advance.  The  proposal  for  an 
architectural  and  builders’  bureau  is  a  prac¬ 
tical  solution  of  a  problem  which  would  other¬ 
wise  prevent  any  large  and  immediate  addition 
to  the  buildings  and  equipment  of  the  mission¬ 
ary  agencies.  The  United  City  Program  pro¬ 
vides  for  a  wide  spread  extension  of  one  of  the 
most  hopeful  recent  movements.  In  such  a 
movement  the  various  Christian  forces  of 
China’s  great  cities  can  bring  their  strength  to 
bear  in  a  united  way  on  a  task  which  combines 
the  urban  problems  of  the  East  and  of  the  West. 
These  are  but  examples  of  the  many  ways  sug¬ 
gested  for  a  united  attack  by  Christian  forces 
in  China. 

The  program  calls  for  a  definite  movement  to 
enter  the  unoccupied  areas  of  China.  For 
China  Proper,  it  is  based  upon  definite  surveys 
made  by  the  China  Continuation  Committee; 
for  the  great  dependencies  where  millions  are 
scattered  over  enormous  areas,  only  the  out¬ 
lines  of  a  plan  are  presented;  but  the  continua¬ 
tion  of  the  survey  will  provide  sufficient  data 
to  allow  this  work  also  to  be  undertaken  in  an 
intelligent  and  well-organized  manner. 


INTERCHORCH  WORLD  MOVEMENT  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  SURVEY  DEPARTMENT 

DIVISIONS  BRANCHES  SECTIONS 


Fields 


— Africa 

—  China 

—  India 

— Japanese  Empire 

—  Malaysia,  Siam 

—  Indo-China,  Oceania 
— Philippine  Islands 
— Latin  America 

— Europe 

—  Near  East 


FOREIGN 


Mission  Agencies 


Coordination 


— Evangelistic 

—  Educational 
— Medical 

—  Social  and  Industrial 
— Literature 

.  — Field  Occupancy 
— Field  Conditions 
— Graphics 

—  Statistics 

—  Editorial 

— Research  and  Library 


SURVEY 

DEPARTMENT 


HOME 

MISSIONS 


AMERICAN 

EDUCATION 


r~  Fields 


-  Tax-Supported  Institutions 


Agencies 


—  Coordination 


Organization  Relations 


Denominational  and 
Independent  Institutions 


Theological  Seminaries 


Secondary  Schools 


— |  Coordination 


-Cities 

-New  York  Metropolitan 

-Town  and  Country 

-Vvest  Indies 

-Alaska 

-Hawaii 

-Migrant  Groups 
-Cities 

-New  York  Metropolitan 
-Town  and  Country 
-Negro  Americans 
-New  Americans 
-Spanish-speaking  Peoples 
-Orientals  in  the  U.  S. 
—American  Indian 
-Migrant  Groups 

-Research  and  Library 
-Lantern  Slides 
-Graphics 
-Publicity 
-Statistics 

-Industrial  Relations 

-Colleges 

-Universities 


— State  Universities 
_  — Municipal  Universities 
“  — State  Agricultural  Colleges 
— State  Normal  Schools 

E Theological  Seminaries 

College  Biblical  Departments 
Religious  Training  Schools 


E Comity  and  Cooperation 
Field 

Standards  and  Norms 


—  Local  Church 


AMERICAN 
Religious  Education 


AMERICAN 
Hospitals  and  Homes 


-(  Special  Groups" 


Home 


Community 


Special  Fields 


—  Field  Organization 


Denominational  and  • 

Interdenominational  Agencies 


-  Research  and  Instruction 


Coordination 


I — Architecture 
— I —  Curriculum 
‘ — Teachers 

E  Music 
Pageantry 

Non-church  Organizations 


E  Editorial 

Statistics  and  Tabulation 
Schedules 


AMERICAN  MINISTERIAL 
SUPPORT  AND  RELIEF 


-c 


Ministerial  Support 


Pensions  and  Relief 


